FEELING OF DIWALI!17/12/2016

17th,december,2016. These are the last days of this year . Then you can enjoy it and devote your most importent time to learn something new.

                                              I thanked my father on this occasion .

 This day was very important for me ha DIWALI. But i have been celebrated my DIWALI with "sone papdi+matar paneer". And whole the night of 30th,october 2016 i watch T.V. and worship the GOSS! And hear all the current affair of the day and watch movies. 

Due to examination , the sky was thundering with crackers but i was only hearing that noise. Then during THE DIWALI celebration in my own way "RHYTHM  was changed in to NOISE. Then this best thing could be inspired me to celebrate DIWALI in a new way.

ISS
Today Space Shuttle is going from sky . You can observe it at 6:15 pm from SHIMLA HIMACHAL PRADESH

Induction coil

induction coil magic

Will all new cars one day be fitted with anti-drunk devices?

All cars in Australia could soon be fitted with a device that prevents drunk motorists getting behind the wheel and driving.
The bold prediction was made on Tuesday by Victorian Transport Minister Terry Mulder, who declared technological advances would mean the $1000 devices would one day be a permanent feature inside all new Australian vehicles sold.
The prediction, if acted on, could bring the high rate accidents and deaths caused by drunk motorists to zero. Working much like a standard police breath testing unit, interlocks register the amount of alcohol in the driver's blood and prevent the car from starting if a person reaches a certain limit.

Technological advances mean that in the long-term alcohol interlocks are likely to be a standard feature of all new vehicles in Australia,' he said.'But in the meantime, Victoria is leading the way in taking action to reduce the menace caused by drink driving offenders.'
Victorian police Minister Peter Ryan has backed a uniform law for interlocking devices to be fitted into Australian vehicles. 'The user-pays system ensures there's a powerful financial deterrent to drink-driving,' Mr Ryan said.

 

Audi’s V8 engine could become a casualty of the automaker’s impending shift towards downsized engines and electrification. A source close to the Volkswagen-owned firm has revealed that its new V8 is most likely its last.

Mr. VIKRANT CHAUHAN

 “It would be very difficult to justify the huge investment in another new V8 because of the cost of developing electric drivetrains and battery packs. You have to ask what is the best use of investment money,” explained an anonymous inside source in a recent interview with British magazine Autocar.

The source added that Audi hopes battery-electric vehicles will make up anywhere between 25 and 35 percent of the cars it sells by the year 2025. The company’s current lineup doesn’t include an all-electric car, so the technology needs to be developed from scratch. Luckily, Audi can share the cost burden with other Volkswagen-owned firms.

Fear not, big displacement fans, Audi’s V8 engine still has several years ahead of it. The diesel-powered variant of the engine (pictured) was just introduced under the hood of the SQ7 TDI, and it will be found between the fenders of the brand new second-generation Porsche Panamera as early as next year. And while we’re unlikely to see the 4.0-liter TDI mill in the United States for obvious reasons, a gasoline-burning variant of the eight will power upcoming Audi, Porsche, and even Bentley models for years to come.

 

Do the 4th, 5th, 6th or higher derivatives appear often in real world problems (physics, etc.)? If not, why is that?

This is a fascinating question that really illustrates a lot about the structure of nature.

TL;DR: The answer is that higher order differential questions appear ubiquitously in physics, but rarely in an important way.

Ubiquity of Higher Order Derivatives

So first, derivatives of all orders appear in Taylor series. So anytime you’re dealing with approximations, you’re likely going to run into Taylor series or approximation methods that are morally equivalent to a Taylor series. So therefore, you’re going to run into higher order derivatives all over the place. This includes both classical and quantum mechanical perturbative methods.

Almost nothing can be solved exactly in physics — except for the the harmonic oscillator. This means that you’re going to run into higher order derivatives all the time if you go to high enough order in the approximation. These higher order termes can be essential for getting the right numerical answer.

I would call these higher derivatives inessential. Sure, you need to know about higher order derivatives (which aren’t anything special), but they don’t change anything conceptual aspects of the problem.

Important Higher Order Derivatives

Essential higher order derivatives are when you have to solve a higher order differential equation. These are few and far between in physics, but they do occur. The biharmonic equation:

∇2∇2ϕ=0∇2∇2ϕ=0

is one equation that occasionally appears in physics, most notably in continuum mechanics. You may have to solve a fourth order differential equation.

The reason these higher order differential equations are few and far between is because generally there is nothing that forbids the lower order differential operator from appearing in the equation, so generically you’d expect

(a∇2+b∇4)ϕ=0(a∇2+b∇4)ϕ=0

So this is a fourth order differential equation still, but notice that there are units associated with the constants aa and bb , in particular

dim (b/a)=distance2dim (b/a)=distance2

In most systems, this ratio with be some short distance scale having to do with atomic size (or some other short distance phenomena); however, the equations you’re solving are only expectation for the lowest order behavior of most physical systems.valid for much longer distances. So the higher order derivative is going to make contributions of the size

δ∼(b/al2)≪1δ∼(b/al2)≪1

relative to the first term where ll is the size of the phenomena that is being described.

If you insist on taking that higher order term seriously and start solving a fourth order differential equation, you have to explain why the next higher derivative doesn’t matter

(a∇2+b∇4+c∇6+d∇8+⋯)ϕ=0(a∇2+b∇4+c∇6+d∇8+⋯)ϕ=0

where the relative sizes of these different operators is generally

b/a∼c/b∼d/cb/a∼c/b∼d/c

so when the fourth order operator starts becoming important, all the different orders start becoming important at the same time and the equation isn't a good approximation to the phenomena being described.

In some systems you can either have accidentally small or large coefficients — or in some modern condensed matter or optical systems, you can tune parameters to be large or small. In these cases you can choose to end up with higher order differential equations. Some of these are being constructed to study novel physical phenomena where the ordinary harmonic oscillator isn’t the lowest order behavior.

But aside from these unusual situations, the near-guarantee of the ∇2∇2 term dominating the long-distance behavior of physical systems is the reason when higher order derivatives are rarely discussed or used, they can usually only be treated as perturbations to the original equation and not as the core parts of the equation.

There are these rare exceptions, oftentimes due to weird symmetries, where higher order differential equations appear, but these are the exception not the rule.

And ultimately this is why the harmonic oscillator is the most important model in physics: because it forms the basis for all perturbative methods because it is the generic

Trendline

New Laser Created from Jellyfish's Fluorescent Proteins

Fluorescent proteins from jellyfish that were grown in bacteria have been used to create a laser for the first time, according to a new study.

The breakthrough represents a major advance in so-called polariton lasers, the researchers said. These lasers have the potential to be far more efficient and compact than conventional ones and could open up research avenues in quantum physics and optical computing, the researchers said.

Traditional polariton lasers using inorganic semiconductors need to be cooled to incredibly low temperatures. More recent designs based onorganic electronics materials, like those used in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, operate at room temperature but need to be powered by picosecond (one-trillionth of a second) pulses of light. [Science Fact or Fiction? The Plausibility of 10 Sci-Fi Concepts]

By repurposing the fluorescent proteins that have revolutionized biomedical imaging, and by allowing scientists to monitor processes inside cells, the team created a polariton laser that operates at room temperature powered by nanosecond pulses — just billionths of a second.

"Picosecond pulses of a suitable energy are about a thousandfold more difficult to make than nanosecond pulses, so it really simplifies making these polariton lasers quite significantly," said Malte Gather, a professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and one of the laser's inventors.

A schematic illustration of a fluorescent protein polariton laser in action. Particles made from a mixture of light and electronic energy are created in a film of green fluorescent protein produced by live cells.

Credit: Dietrich/Höfling/Gather

Gather told Live Science that fluorescent proteins have been used as a marker in living cells or living tissue before, but now the researchers have started using them as a material. "This work shows for the first time that their molecular structure is actually favorable for operation at high brightness — as required, for example, for turning them into lasers," he said.

Genetically modified bacteria

Gather and colleagues from the University of Würzburg and Dresden University of Technology, both in Germany, genetically engineered E. coli bacteria to produce enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP).

The researchers filled optical microcavities with this protein before subjecting them to "optical pumping," where nanosecond flashes of light are used to bring the system up to the required energy to create laser light.

Importantly, after reaching the threshold for polariton lasing, pumping more energy into the device resulted in conventional lasing. This helps confirm the first emission was due to polariton lasing, Gather said, which is something other approaches using organic materials have been unable to demonstrate so far.

Conventional lasers create their intense beams by taking advantage of the fact that photons can be amplified by excited atoms in the laser's so-called "gain medium." This is typically made from inorganic materials, such as glasses, crystals or gallium-based semiconductors.

Polariton laser light is nearly indistinguishable from conventional laser light, but the physical process that creates it relies on a quantum phenomenon to amplify the light.

Repeated absorption and re-emission of photons by atoms or molecules in the gain medium gives rise to quasiparticles called polaritons. In certain conditions — before the energy level required for conventional lasing is reached — the polaritons synchronize into a joint quantum state called a condensate, which gives off laser light.

Conventional lasers require more than half of the atoms in the gain medium to enter an excited state before laser light is produced. This is not the case in polariton lasers, which means, in theory, they require less energy to be pumped into the system, the researchers said.

Laser innovations

According to Gather, one of the key advantages of the new approach is that the light  emitting part of the protein molecules   is protected within a nanometer-scale cylindrical shell, which prevents them from interfering with each other.

This overcomes a major problem that has plagued previous designs, said Stéphane Kéna-Cohen, an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering Physics at Polytechnique Montréal in Canada, who has worked on organic polariton lasers but was not involved with the new study.

"This allows the laser to operate with much longer pump pulses, which are easier to generate and allows for simpler implementations," Kéna-Cohen told Live Science. "At the moment, many challenges remain for such lasers to be useful because the [excitation] threshold is so high, but they are a fascinating platform for studying physics that normally occur only at ultralow temperatures."

Gather said the fundamental physics suggests design improvements should eventually allow polariton lasers with considerably lower thresholds than conventional ones, which would allow them to be much more efficient and compact.

This makes the new study promising for the field of optical computing, he said, and a tiny laser based on biomaterials could also potentially be implanted in the human body for medical applications. In the meantime, he added that they are a useful model for investigating fundamental questions in quantum physics.

The results of the new study were published online today (Aug. 19) in thejournal Science Advances.

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How does satellite TV work?

Ans.

Satellite just acts like a huge virtual transmitting tower which can have large coverage area that is not possible by the terrestrial towers to cover. The TV signals are transmitted from an earth station to the satellite which then retransmits it back to earth. Depending upon how high in the space (orbital height) the satellite is, it can see large portion of the earth and can send the TV signals. Any user in that coverage are can receive the TV signal. The satellites used for TV broadcast are normally placed in the geostationary orbit at an altitude of 35, 768 km from the earth. From this altitude a satellite can see 42% of the earth surface. Sufficient power needs to be transmitted from satellite to ensure that the receiver gets enough signal power when it reaches earth after traveling that distance. The modulation format for satellite TV is different from that used in terrestrial TV transmission to efficiently use the power. Satellite TV employs QPSK modulation, most suitable for digital TV transmission.

Satellite TV offers many solutions to broadcast and cable TV problems. Learn what makes satellite TV different and how satellite TV works.Satellite TV works by broadcasting video and audio signals from geostationary satellites to satellite dishes on the Earth's surface. These geostationary satellites orbit the earth in a region of space known as the Clarke Belt, which is approximately 22,300 miles above the equator.

As we all know that satellites are positioned one-tenth of the way to the moon (about 36,000 km).Satellite television technology uses man-made or artificial satellites to send favourite serial to your television set. Satellites can be used to recoil television pictures, calls and internet information from one part of Earth to another at the speed of light.

FOR TO UNDERSTAND VISIT

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=how+does+satellite+tv+work%3f+youtube&view=detail&mid=E86878F4A16213C631FCE86878F4A16213C631FC&FORM=VIRE

The Indian National Science Academy promotes science and its use in india. It was originally established in 1935 and was known as the 'National Institute of Sciences of India' until the present name was adopted in 1970. The Gov.t. of india recognised it in 1945 as the premier scientific society representing all branches of science in India. In 1968, it was designated as the adhering organisation in India to the Iternational council of science (ICSU) on behalf of the Government of India. It is headquartered in NEW DELHI..

The Academy consists of Foundation fellows, Fellows and Foreign Fellows. Election to the Academy is only by nomination. The objectives of the academy encompass promotion of science in India including its application to national welfare, safeguarding the interests of the scientists, establishing linkages with international bodies to foster collaboration and expressing considered opinion on national issues.

It also plays a crucial role in promoting, recognising and rewarding excellence. With a view to promoting the pursuit of excellence in the field of 'Science and Technology', the academy has instituted 59 awards, placed in 4 categories, viz International Awards, General Medal & Lecture Awards, Subjectwise Medals/Lectures and Awards for Young Scientists. It also publishes journals, organises scientific discussions and brings out proceedings and monographs.

It is a signatory to the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in 2004

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKgUMCfpiJU

Q. Why does the rainbow seem curved as a semicircle?
A.Nice question! Rainbows are a product of sunlight passing through small droplets of water suspended in the atmosphere (or even falling through it!). Not only are they beautiful, but they are usually rare because you need a rainy day and a sunny day at the same time to make one appear -- the sun has to be shining from one part of the sky, and the rain in another part of the sky before a rainbow can appear.

The sunlight takes a complicated path through each water droplet. It comes in the side closest to the sun, bends because the index of refraction in water is bigger than that of air (you can see this effect by putting a pencil in a glass of water so that some of it sticks out and looking at it from different angles -- the pencil will apppear "broken" at the place it crosses the water surface). The sunlight, passing through the water droplet, bounces off the back surface of the droplet, travels back to the other side, and bends once again on its way out.

The reason why the rainbow is curved is because all the angles in the water drop have to be just right for the drop to send some sunlight to you, standing on the ground. So, with the sun *behind* you, only those water droplets that have the same angle formed by you, the drop, and the sun (this angle happens to be approximately 42 degrees) will contribute to the rainbow. Other droplets send their light somewhere else, and if you move to a different location, new droplets are needed to make the rainbow you see in the new location. This is why you can't go to the end of a rainbow to find the mythical leprechauns and pots of gold; anywhere you stand, the rainbow is formed by faraway drops of water reflecting and bending sunlight. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between you, the drop, and the sun lie on a cone pointing at the sun with you at one tip. The rainbow may look semicircular if the sun is setting or rising (a good time to see a rainbow because the sunlight at that time can get under rain clouds because it is traveling horizontally). If the sun is higher in the sky, the earth gets in the way and you may see less than a semicircular rainbow.

The rainbow is colored because the water drops act like little prisms -- how much the light bends when it enters and exits the drop depends on its color, and light from the sun contains contributions from light of all colors. So that 42 degrees above is a bit different for red light and different still for blue light -- you have to look in a different place to see the red rainbow arc and the blue rainbow arc, so you see them as arcs in the sky of different sizes and the rainbow is striped with colors.

You can make your own rainbows with a lawn sprinkler or even a water spray-bottle that can make a fine mist. On a bright, sunny day with the sun at your back, spray some water in front of you in different directions to see where the best rainbows can be seen. Can you make one go all the way around in a circle? Rainbows crop up in the nicest places -- you can see them sometimes at the bottoms of waterfalls and even briefly in the splashes of divers at the swimming pool.